Restoration

Land that used to be forest

Restoration is harder than planting. Degraded soil, invasive species, and decades of erosion come first — then the trees.

The sequence

assess    soil, water, and what's left of the seed bank
prepare   erosion control, invasives removal
pioneer   fast, hardy species to rebuild the soil
climax    slow canopy species that define the forest

Why we bother

Restored forest is the highest-value carbon and habitat on the ledger — and the slowest. We're in no hurry.